VCAM1 and neoplasm: Due to decrease trafficking in tumor sites (including downregulation of cluster of differentiation (CD) 62L on CD8+ T cells, the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and IL-12) and lack of activation caused by the aforementioned immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the CD8+ T cells are not able to exhibit an inhibitory response against tumors (Buoncervello et al., 2019).