Consequently, we not only focus on body mass index (BMI) criteria for weight status, but additionally examine waist-height ratio (WHtR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and leptin as proxies of body fat (Münzberg and Heymsfield, 2015; Christen et al., 2018; Landecho et al., 2019) and insulin resistance as assessed by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) (Gutch et al., 2015) and total body fat percentage as well as fat mass index (FMI). The gene discussed is LEP; the disease is Insulin resistance.