The hormone insulin has been implicated in neurotransmission and cell survival (Wan et al., 1997; Skeberdis et al., 2001; Uemura and Greenlee, 2006; van der Heide et al., 2006b; Jin et al., 2011), associated with better cognition and less brain atrophy in AD (Burns et al., 2007), and been shown to improve memory in AD when administered intranasally (Reger et al., 2008a, b; Craft et al., 2012). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Alzheimer disease.