Although the reduced CBF in Efhc1−/− mice may not be directly relevant to the pathogenesis of JME which has been inferred from the inconsistency of seizure susceptibility and CBF reduction in heterozygous Efhc1+/− mice12, other possible impairments of motile cilia, ependymal cells or choroid plexus (e.g. sensory antenna, ion exchange, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) secretion, or pH of CSF, etc.)could be the causes of JME. Here, EFHC1 is linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.