CD4 and infection: Thus, we propose that an approach such as IL-4R antagonist adjuvanted strategy together with SOSIP gp140 booster, which promotes elevated vaccine-specific cytotoxic mucosal CD4+ T cells, at the first line of defence the genito-rectal mucosae, whilst maintaining elevated cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the blood compartment, may prove more useful in combating an infection such as HIV-1.