It includes increased circulating plasma volume due to fluid retention8, decreased bone marrow hematopoietic response9, decreased erythropoietin secretion with CKD, iron absorption/use disorder10,11, nutrient deficiency due to decreased appetite, steroid metabolism abnormalities12, and effects of therapeutic drugs, etc. However, causes of anemia in CRAS are still largely unknown. Here, EPO is linked to anemia (phenotype).