Therefore, RGA2 (Prupe2.G111700) was considered our strongest candidate gene for Vr3. Moreover, as the expression of RGA2 (Prupe.2G111700) did not differ significantly with respect to the infection status, it is assumed to be constitutively expressed, as previously reported for RGA genes involved in fungal resistance in Rosaceae, such as for crown rot in octoploid strawberry19 and powdery mildew in apple20. The gene discussed is VTRNA1-3; the disease is infection.