Reduced USV communication has been discovered in many genetic rat models of NDD, including those with mutations in synaptic genes, such as Shank3, cellular housekeeping genes such as ubiquitin ligase Ube3a that causes Angelman syndrome, and the calcium channel gene Cacna1c [33, 34, 44], as well as numerous genetic mouse models of NDD, including 16p11.2 deletion syndrome [45], the Ca(V)1.2 L-type calcium channel gene that causes Timothy Syndrome [46], synaptic genes such as neuroligins [47], and high confidence ASD candidate genes, such as Tbx1 [48]. Here, TBX1 is linked to Down syndrome.