Increased Sp1 expression is also of interest to neurodegenerative disease, as Sp1 has been found to upregulate the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a result of environmental influences during brain development (e.g., exposure to the neurotoxic metal lead), leading to amyloidogenesis and cognitive decline at a later age [3, 6]. This evidence concerns the gene SP1 and neurodegenerative disease.