CD8A and HIV-1 infection: In the CD8+ lineage, these cells have been associated with protective effects, most notably during acute (Northfield et al., 2007) and chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (Addo et al., 2007), and in a study of elite controllers with eventual disease progression, increasing levels of viral replication appeared to drive the formation of CD28−CD57+ memory CD8+ T cells, potentially indicating a reactive escalation in the cytotoxic response to HIV-1 (Benito et al., 2018).