AKT1 and major depressive disorder: In other disorders, AKT has been implicated by post-mortem brain tissue from suicide victims showing decreased AKT activity (Hsiung et al., 2003), genetic studies associating AKT1 SNPs with BD (Karege et al., 2010; Karege et al., 2012) and depression (Ellsworth et al., 2013; Pereira et al., 2014), and pharmacological studies showing that lithium, used widely to treat schizophrenia and BP (Chalecka-Franaszek and Chuang, 1999; De Sarno et al., 2002; Beaulieu et al., 2004; Beaulieu et al., 2008; Nciri et al., 2013), and the antidepressant ketamine (Park et al., 2014) induce AKT signaling.