TNF and viral infectious disease: Thus, the virus infection triggers an exaggerated immune response by releasing interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha (MIP-1-α), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mediators.