Another study investigated HMGB1 in H9c2 cells, and found that HMGB1 alone had no influence in cardiac hypertrophy but aggravated myocardial hypertrophy in the context of pressure/mechanical stress stimulation, which also caused a prompt upregulation of the expression of TLR4 in cardiomyocytes (61). Here, HMGB1 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.