TLR4 and cardiac hypertrophy: Interestingly, TLR2 ligand lipoteichoic acid and TLR9 ligand CpG-oligodesoxynucleotide 1,668 thioate was found to induce hyperinflammatory cardiac response by binding to TLR4, and subsequently accelerating progression of cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting a selective or cross-regulation between TLRs and their endogenous ligands (22).