Emerging evidence has further demonstrated that other immune cells, such as neutrophils and dendritic cells, play a significant and direct role in promoting cardiac inflammation and progression of cardiac hypertrophy, but until recently, there has been limited data on the relationship between TLR4 signaling and neutrophils, dendritic cells during development of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.