TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Consistent with the experimental results obtained from aged mice, up-regulated TGF-β1 signaling in IPF fibroblasts promotes GLUT1 mRNA expression through the typical Smad2/3 pathway, activates GLUT1-dependent glycolysis, and accelerates cell proliferation and production of fibrogenic mediators (Andrianifahanana et al., 2016).