MAPT and Alzheimer disease: More importantly, the cellular biological signatures of AD, including the synaptic dysfunction (Jack and Holtzman, 2013), β-amyloid plaques (Holtzman et al., 2012), hyperphosphorylated tau (Goedert, 2006), cofilin-actin rods (Bamburg and Bloom, 2009), and Hirano bodies (Galloway et al., 1987; Maciver and Harrington, 1995) have been identified.