MTOR and fetal growth restriction: Placental mTOR activity is decreased in human intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (Roos et al., 2007; Yung et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2015a) as well as in rodent (Rosario et al., 2011) and non-human primate models of IUGR (Kavitha et al., 2014).