With respect to targeted drug therapy, cetuximab, which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is currently better for the treatment of LCC, whereas RCC patients exhibit a better response to treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted drug bevacizumab (Benedix et al., 2010b; Boleij and Tjalsma, 2013; Li et al., 2017). Here, VEGFA is linked to leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts.