TNF and COVID-19: Regarding clinical and biochemical parameters, COVID-19 patients present an elevation of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which can lead in certain cases to a cytokine storm (11, 12).