Profiling of exosomal RNAs derived from human islets with T1DM has demonstrated that RNAs are differentially expressed in cells subjected to treatment with proinflammatory cytokines compared to those without cytokine treatment, and these differentially expressed RNAs are associated with insulin secretion, necrosis, apoptosis, and calcium signalling (74). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.