In addition, PD-L1 expression by either cancer cells or tumor infiltrating cells can be driven by different kinds of exogenous stimuli, including cellular stress, e.g. stress induced by UV exposure or chemotherapy, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNFα and IFN-γ) in the tumor bed (Figure 1 and paragraphs below). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.