TNF and brain inflammatory disease: Brain inflammation occurs in the damaged brain tissue following the infiltration of immune cells, which secrete proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in ischemic brain injury, and this leads to the impairment of brain functions such as cognition (Kawabori and Yenari, 2015; Anttila et al., 2017).