Changes of activity and gene expression of key proteins that are involved in epilepsy pathology such as glutamine synthetase (GS) (100), adenosine kinase (ADK) (101, 102), Aquaporins (AQPs) including AQP4 (103, 104), inward rectifying potassium (Kir) channels including Kir4.1 (105, 106), and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) (107, 108) have been observed in resected brain tissue of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The gene discussed is AQP4; the disease is epilepsy.