TNF and COVID-19: Although clinical trials using anti-TNF-α antibodies for COVID-19 patients are limited to the monoclonal antibody infliximab (NCT04425538; NCT04344249), the evaluation of XPro1595, which prevents TNFs from binding to their receptors by forming heterotrimers with soluble TNF (Steed et al., 2003), is under current evaluation for COVID-19 patients (NCT04370236).