EDN1 and endothelial dysfunction: Other authors have shown attenuating in vitro effects of urolithin A on endothelial dysfunctions induced by oxidized LDL through the beneficial modulation of TNF-α, IL-6, endothelin 1, PPAR-γ, ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), and MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) expression [17].