In addition, the activated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), a mediator of IL-4 signaling, was expressed by tumor cells and tumor endothelia in PCNSL, and a high expression of activated STAT6 was associated with shorter survival in patients with PCNSL who were treated with high-dose intravenous methotrexate therapy [48]. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and neoplasm.