CD4 and infection: PBMCs from 20 subjects with donor-matched samples corresponding to pre-infection, peak HIV-1 VL, viral set point, and early chronic infection (corresponding to a median 16, 43, and 85 days after the first HIV-1 RNA positive test, respectively) from the HIV ECHO (RV217) cohort from East Africa and Thailand [14] (Table 1) were analyzed to determine the frequency and phenotype of peripheral blood CD161+ CD4+ T cells (Figure 3A and Supplementary Figure S3).