CCL2 and Insulin resistance: Previous research demonstrated that Akkermansia was positively correlated with serum insulin, while Alistipes, Odoribacter, and Ruminococcus were positively correlated with diabetic clinical manifestations (e.g., elevated glucose, insulin resistance, weight gain) through increased inflammatory responses via increasing TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CD11c.