Interestingly, CM414 also antagonized the upregulation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit mediated by TGFβ1 (Figure S2b), a response that has been linked to the activation of lung fibroblasts and the development of pulmonary fibrosis [82,83]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.