TNF and neoplasm: CAFs are involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasiveness and orchestrate the metastatic process in at least two different ways: first, they induce EMT through activation of TGF-β receptor signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling [20]; second, CAFs release inflammatory interleukins, non-coding RNAs [21], interferons, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in tumor sites, contributing to the accumulation of innate and specific immune cells, such as macrophages, and thus induce their activation.