IFNB1 and cancer: Due to immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of IFN-β, its ability to stimulate numerous genes mediating tumor cell apoptosis, to repress cancer stem cells, inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis, it is expected that IFN-β used alone as a monotherapy or in combination with radiation, chemotherapy, genomic methylation, checkpoint inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may exert antitumor effects [23,24].