Finally, there is very little information on whether Tax within EVs could be involved in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in recipient CNS cells (i.e., macrophages, astrocytes, and microglia); and whether HTLV-1 EVs containing cytokines play a role in HTLV-1-associated HAM/TSP. Here, CNTN2 is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.