A seminal paper published in 2019 by the group of Prof. Wang demonstrated that secretory autophagosomes containing the TLR2 ligand HSP90α, which is released by cancer cells as a result of an alternative non-degradative autophagy mechanism used for the unconventional secretion of small molecules, stimulate IL-6 production in CD4+ T lymphocytes through the TLR2–MyD88–NF-κB axis. Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.