IGHE and Werner syndrome: In the absence of a definite mechanism of action, the pathogenesis of NCG/WS remains a matter of debate; IgE-independent WA involving mast cells, eosinophils and other immune cells [165] has been postulated on the basis of past or current history of food allergy [166], eosinophil infiltration of the intestinal mucosa and in vitro basophil activation induced by food antigens in patients with NCG/WS diagnosed by DBPC challenge [167].