TNF and infection: Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were similar among the participants with different infection status (TNF-α; p = 0.290, IL-1β; p = 0.442, IL-6; p = 0.686, IFN-γ; p = 0.801, IL-8; p = 0.546, IL-12; p = 0.154; Table 4).