TNF and glioblastoma: Hands et al. developed and applied a combined diagnostic approach (spectroscopy plus immunoassays) to assess angiopoietin, follistatin, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), VEGF, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and leptin, in serum samples of 50 glioblastoma patients compared to healthy controls [37].