SU users exhibited a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality than did SU nonusers, except the SU users who were aged >65 years; were women; used calcium-channel blockers, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitor, DPP-4 inhibitors; had DCSI scores of ≥1 or CCI scores ≧2; had smoking, hypertension, CKD, or viral hepatitis infection. Here, DPP4 is linked to chronic kidney disease.