Anju et al. studied the role of epithelial mesenchymal trans-differentiation (EMT) in the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated nephropathy, and observed enhanced expression of FSP1/S100A4 in EMT from parietal epithelial cells to periglomerular cells or from tubular cells to peritubular cells [55]. Here, S100A4 is linked to Nephropathy.