For these reasons, the present study was aimed at integrating the evaluation of: (1) PD-L1 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in plasma-derived exosomes; (2) selected PD-L1 gene variants (i.e. c.-14-368 T > G and c.*395G > C); (3) tumor mutational load (TML) on cfDNA, and (4) radiomic analysis to identify predictive biomarkers of response to anti-PD-1 therapy. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.