TNF and COVID-19: Several cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CXCL8, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL10, CXCL11, as well as NF-kB related mRNA NFKB1, NFKB2 and RELB, interferon-stimulated genes ATF3, GEM, IFITM3 and MX1 were upregulated, consistent with previous observation in COVID-19 patients (Huang et al., 2020; Suzuki et al., 2020; Wilk et al., 2020) (Fig. S4A).