APP and Alzheimer disease: Some of the identified known oxidized transcripts are related to the pathophysiology of AD, which included p21ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 1, carbonyl reductase, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), apolipoprotein D, and calpains, but not amyloid-β protein precursor (APP) or tau [36].