INS and paracoccidioidomycosis: (33) also showed that in vitro treatment with insulin is able to amplify inflammatory cytokine secretion by bone marrow-derived macrophages from diabetic mice stimulated with LPS by enhancing phosphorylation of MAPK (p42 MAPK, p44 MAPK, p46 SAPK, p54 SAPK) resulting from TLR-4 activation with LPS, and mice deficient of mechanisms related to detection and phagocytosis, such as expressions of TLR-2 and TLR-4, were observed to be more susceptible to PCM (10).