TNF and diabetes mellitus: Some of the impairments found in people with diabetes are reproduced in animal models of T1D, such as reduced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, reduced migration of leukocytes to inflammatory sites, diminished secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (5), reduced phagocytic activity of diabetic rat neutrophils (6), and reduced bactericidal activity of Paneth cells in diabetic mice (7).