Among the latter cohort of patients, the leading extracardiac diseases which may be responsible for either cTnI or cTnT elevations include infectious diseases/ sepsis, pulmonary disorders (e.g., pulmonary embolism, COPD), renal failure, malignancy, as well as gastrointestinal, neurological and musculoskeletal diseases (Table 1). Here, TNNI3 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.