CXCL12 and neoplasm: Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand (CCL) family chemokines, such as CCL3 and CCL5, and chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand (CXCL) family chemokines, such as CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL12, have been shown to promote the recruitment of T cells to sites of inflammation or infection35; these chemokines showed significant increases in mRNA levels in tumor tissues from M1-injected mice (Fig. 4A).