TNF and myocarditis: In COVID-19 patients, procoagulative responses are associated with altered von Willebrand factor (vWF) and thrombomodulin expression and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) that further implicate activation of the endothelium in myocarditis and vasculopathy (1, –, 4).