We have shown here that Hp can significantly impact metaplasia and dysplasia development, which suggests that gastric preneoplastic progression can develop differently in the presence versus absence of Hp. Future studies will elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) through which Hp exerts its effects in this model, and test whether active Hp infection during metaplasia or cancer may represent a therapeutic vulnerability that could be targeted with immunotherapy. The gene discussed is HP; the disease is cancer.