Furthermore, in an important study utilising astrocytes derived from transdifferentiated human fibroblasts from both sporadic and familial ALS cases including mutant Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), also were toxic to co-cultured motor neurons (Meyer et al., 2014). The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.