From the results of the temporal change analysis, lymphocyte count/percentage, albumin, neutrophil count/percentage, PDW, and LDH were significantly different throughout the course of the disease (Fig. 1), implying that these variables could be used as laboratory markers to distinguish COVID-19 patients with a high risk or low risk of infection-associated death at any timepoint during their treatment course (Fig. 1). Here, ALB is linked to COVID-19.