PIK3CD and melanoma: Buparlisib inhibited the tumor growth of human BRAF or NRAS-mutant brain metastatic melanoma cells in the brain of mice and also the growth of melanoma cell lines derived from therapy-naïve patients.18 Together, these findings suggest that activation of PI3K–AKT signaling is relevant for the survival and therapy resistance of melanoma cells in the brain parenchyma.