Buparlisib inhibited the tumor growth of human BRAF or NRAS-mutant brain metastatic melanoma cells in the brain of mice and also the growth of melanoma cell lines derived from therapy-naïve patients.18 Together, these findings suggest that activation of PI3K–AKT signaling is relevant for the survival and therapy resistance of melanoma cells in the brain parenchyma. This evidence concerns the gene NRAS and melanoma.