Local cytokine levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-6, TNF-alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta) are higher in induced-blister fluid from the affected limb of patients with early (less than 1 year duration) CRPS when compared to the unaffected limb (Heijmans-Antonissen et al., 2006, Lenz et al., 2013). Here, CCL2 is linked to complex regional pain syndrome.