Anemia (HR 2.883, 95% CI 1.738–4.784, p = 0.000) and urea nitrogen [HR 1.072 (per 1 mmol/L), 95% CI 1.003–1.146, p = 0.042] were significantly associated with MACEs, when adjusting for age, COPD, hematocrit, cystatin C, creatinine, total cholesterol, and LDL-C (Supplementary Table 2). Here, CST3 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.